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Skip to content Home » La COP26: tre decenni di incontri e di concordati “Garantire un futuro migliore ai nostri figli e alle generazioni che verranno […] bonificare, ricostruire in modo sostenibile e risanare il nostro pianeta.” è ciò che afferma il primo ministro inglese Boris Johnson all’inizio della 26° assemblea mondiale per l’ambiente (COP26).
A causa della pandemia Covid-19, i Paesi hanno ritenuto opportuno rinviare la 26° Conferenza delle Parti (Cop26) di un anno.
Il Regno Unito, in partnership con l’Italia, ospita la Conferenza a Glasgow dal 31 ottobre al 12 novembre 2021.
pixabay.com DA STOCCOLMA A PARIGI, PASSANDO PER KYOTO Nel giugno 1972, 113 Stati si sono riuniti a Stoccolma per dibattere sulle cause del cambiamento climatico.
In questa occasione, i Paesi hanno stilato la Dichiarazione di Principi che riconosce le libertà dell’uomo e la sua responsabilità nella salvaguardia dell’ambiente.
La riunione di Stoccolma ha rappresentato il trampolino di lancio per la prima COP (Conference of the Parties ) tenutasi nel 1992 a Rio de Janeiro. Infatti, durante la Conferenza sull’ambiente e sullo sviluppo delle Nazioni Unite (UNCED), i Paesi hanno deliberato il trattato ambientale nazionale, la United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), che dal 1994 è il responsabile del supporto alla risposta globale verso la minaccia del cambiamento climatico.
IL PROTOCOLLO DI KYOTO E GLI ACCORDI DI PARIGI Con il primo accordo vincolante firmato a Kyoto, i Paesi riconoscono la responsabilità dell’eccesso dei gas serra ai più industrializzati. Questi ultimi diventano perciò fondamentali nella risoluzione del problema e nel sostegno ai Paesi in via di sviluppo.
I firmatari si sono quindi impegnati a ridurre le emissioni di gas serra attraverso delle misure concordate e periodicamente aggiornate.
Nel 2015, si tiene a Parigi la COP21. Rappresenta una svolta nella lotta ai cambiamenti climatici: ogni Paese diventa responsabile di redigere un piano d’azione per il perseguimento degli obiettivi congiuntamente stabiliti.
Durante questa assemblea, i Paesi hanno accettato di cooperare per limitare l’innalzamento della temperatura globale a 1,5 gradi annuali; si sono impegnati in piani nazionali che stabiliscono le azioni da intraprendere per ridurre le proprie emissioni di GHG nel breve (NCD) e nel lungo periodo (LT-LEDS); hanno stabilito che ciascun Paese è obbligato ad aggiornare il proprio piano ogni cinque anni; hanno istituito l’Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) che a partire dal 2024 raccoglierà le azioni intraprese, i progressi, le misure di adattamento e il sostegno fornito o ricevuto di ciascun Paese.
L’Accordo di Parigi ha inoltre fissato i criteri in materia di supporto finanziario, tecnico e per lo sviluppo di capacità a quei Paesi che ne hanno bisogno.
pixabay.com IL SEGRETARIATO DELLA CONFERENZA DELLE PARTI “Il segretariato della COP si impegna a verificare l’attuazione della Convenzione, del Protocollo di Kyoto e dell’Accordo di Parigi, oltre a fornire competenze tecniche e assistere all’analisi e alla revisione delle informazioni sui cambiamenti climatici comunicate dalle parti. A seguito degli Accordi di Parigi, tiene inoltre il registro per i contributi determinati a livello nazionale (NDC).”
La Conferenza delle Parti, organizzata annualmente dal segretariato, si tiene in località del mondo sempre diverse e riunisce in media 25.000 partecipanti tra negoziatori, rappresentanti di governo, imprese e cittadini, per dodici giorni di colloqui.
Durante la conferenza si tengono due tipi di incontri:
I rappresentanti dei Paesi, in quanto aderenti all’organismo delle Nazioni Unite, si consultano per negoziati formali o informali e partecipano a riunioni al fine di raggiungere degli accordi (Blue Zone); Il grande pubblico prende parte a workshop, mostre d’arte e installazioni, presentazioni, dimostrazioni di tecnologia e spettacoli musicali (Green Zone). pixabay.com DODICI GIORNATE DI INCONTRI – COP26 Il presidente designato della COP26, Alok Sharma, ha introdotto i partecipanti al problema delle emissioni di gas serra, dei cambiamenti climatici e dello sfruttamento delle risorse terrestri. In particolare, ha richiamato l’attenzione su come disponiamo delle risorse del pianeta Terra e sull’importanza della biodiversità che deve essere preservata e ristabilita.
Sono 4 i punti che legano le 12 giornate dell’incontro:
La riduzione della produzione del carbonio che entro la seconda metà del secolo dovrà diventare in quantità inferiore rispetto a quello che eliminiamo dall’atmosfera (raggiungere lo zero netto ); Come tenere sotto controllo la temperatura del pianeta, limitandone l’aumento a 1,5 gradi annuali; La protezione delle comunità e degli habitat naturali; Gli investimenti e le tecnologie innovative. Per raggiungere lo zero netto e tenere sotto controllo le temperature, i Paesi, componenti della COP26, impongono di:
accelerare l’eliminazione della dipendenza industriale dal carbone; ridurre la deforestazione; velocizzare la transizione ai veicoli elettrici; investire nelle fonti rinnovabili. L’energia pulita, come l’eolico e il solare, è la fonte più economica di elettricità nella maggior parte dei Paesi. Inoltre, molti produttori di automobili si stanno muovendo per realizzare solo modelli elettrici o, al più, ibridi.
Al fine di intraprendere azioni volte a proteggere e ripristinare le foreste e gli ecosistemi è invece indispensabile la transizione verso un’agricoltura sostenibile.
Per raggiungere questi obiettivi, occorre tuttavia che i Paesi sviluppati mobilitino almeno 100 miliardi di dollari l’anno in finanziamenti per il clima.
COSA È STATO FATTO FINORA Sebbene i Paesi debbano amplificare l’azione contro il cambiamento climatico per raggiungere gli obiettivi dell’Accordo di Parigi, hanno ottenuto importanti progressi nella riduzione dell’energia prodotta da fonti fossili.
In generale, le soluzioni carbon-free stanno diventando competitive nei settori che rappresentano il 25% delle emissioni, quali quelli dell’energia e dei trasporti. Nel 2030, decennio entro il quale dovremmo riuscire a controllare l’innalzamento della temperatura, questa percentuale potrebbe arrivare al 70%.
Per quanto concerne i fondi ambientali, sebbene si stia lavorando a favore delle vittime di catastrofi e della protezione degli habitat naturali, siamo lontani dagli obiettivi prefissati.
Articolo a cura di Martina CASERTA
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