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Skip to content Home » Inaugurato in Giappone il reattore a fusione JT-60SA: è il più grande e avanzato di tipo tokamak al mondo In una storica cerimonia a Naka, nella prefettura di Ibaraki, Giappone, l’Unione Europea e il Giappone hanno celebrato l’avvio delle operazioni del reattore a fusione JT-60SA, il più grande e avanzato reattore di tipo tokamak del mondo . Questo evento segna non solo un traguardo tecnologico, ma anche il rafforzamento di una collaborazione decennale nel campo dell’energia a fusione tra le due potenze. La Commissaria europea per l’Energia, Kadri Simson, e il Ministro giapponese dell’Istruzione, Cultura, Sport, Scienza e Tecnologia, Masahito Moriyama, hanno riaffermato il loro impegno condiviso per lo sviluppo di questa promettente tecnologia energetica.
JT-60SA: cos’è un reattore a tokamak? Sezione della macchina. Credits: Di A. Sykes et al. – (2018). “Compact fusion energy based on the spherical tokamak”. Nuclear Fusion 58 (1): 016039. DOI:10.1088/1741-4326/aa8c8d. ISSN 0029-5515., CC BY 3.0 Immaginate una ciambella gigante, non di pasta e zucchero, ma di scienza e tecnologia avanzata. Questa è l’immagine che ci aiuta a comprendere il tokamak, una delle invenzioni più promettenti nel campo della fusione nucleare. Il termine “tokamak” deriva da un acronimo russo che significa “camera toroidale con spire magnetiche”. Questa struttura, dalla forma toroidale, ovvero simile a una ciambella, rappresenta un passo avanti significativo nella ricerca della fusione nucleare controllata.
All’interno del tokamak, un plasma supercaldo, solitamente composto da idrogeno, viene intrappolato in un abbraccio magnetico. Questo plasma raggiunge temperature astronomiche, parliamo di diverse decine di milioni di kelvin, condizioni necessarie per avvicinarsi a ciò che accade nel cuore delle stelle . Il campo magnetico, generato da potenti elettromagneti esterni, ha un ruolo cruciale: mantiene il plasma coeso e impedisce che esso tocchi le pareti del reattore, evitando così danni e perdite di energia.
Il grande sogno dei ricercatori che lavorano sui tokamak è di replicare sulla Terra il processo di fusione che alimenta il Sole e le stelle . In questo processo, nuclei di atomi leggeri si fondono, rilasciando enormi quantità di energia. Il tokamak JET (Joint European Torus) ha già ottenuto risultati promettenti in questo campo, e ora gli occhi sono puntati su progetti ancora più ambiziosi come ITER e SPARC.
Tuttavia, la strada verso un reattore a fusione efficiente e sostenibile è ancora lunga. Una delle sfide principali è quella energetica: il tokamak richiede una quantità immensa di energia per scaldare il plasma alle temperature necessarie e per mantenere in funzione gli elettromagneti e i sistemi ausiliari. L’obiettivo finale è che il reattore produca più energia di quanta ne consumi, un traguardo che non è stato ancora raggiunto ma che rappresenta una delle grandi speranze per un futuro energetico pulito e sostenibile.
JT-60SA: una meraviglia tecnologica al servizio dell’umanità Il JT-60SA rappresenta un punto di riferimento nella ricerca sulla fusione nucleare. Con le sue capacità tecniche avanzate, il reattore è un pilastro fondamentale sia per il progetto ITER sia per la progettazione e costruzione dei futuri reattori a fusione. Le sue operazioni e gli aggiornamenti tecnici continueranno a fornire risultati di ricerca all’avanguardia, cruciali per l’evoluzione di questa tecnologia.
Il progetto ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) è un’impresa internazionale di grande scala che mira a dimostrare la fattibilità scientifica e tecnologica dell’energia di fusione come fonte di energia sostenibile e a basso impatto ambientale. Esso nasce dall’accordo ITER, firmato nel 2006 da Cina, Euratom (rappresentata dalla Commissione Europea), India, Giappone, Corea del Sud, Russia e USA. Questi membri governano l’Organizzazione ITER, responsabile della costruzione e gestione del progetto. L’Unione Europea contribuisce con il 45% al progetto ITER, con un budget di €5.61 miliardi assegnato per il periodo 2021-2027.
Formazione e sviluppo: il cuore del progetto Un aspetto significativo di questa collaborazione è il sostegno alla Scuola Internazionale di Fusione JT-60SA (JIFS), inaugurata con successo nel settembre del 2023. La JIFS è un’istituzione chiave per la formazione di giovani scienziati e ingegneri, sviluppando le risorse umane necessarie per realizzare l’energia a fusione nel futuro.
JT-60SA: contesto e prospettive Parallelamente alla collaborazione sul progetto ITER, l’UE e il Giappone lavorano insieme su tre progetti di fusione nell’ambito dell’accordo Broader Approach. Questi progetti, tutti situati in Giappone, mirano a complementare ITER e accelerare lo sviluppo dell’energia a fusione. Le attività includono la costruzione del dispositivo di fusione JT-60SA, la ricerca su materiali idonei per i futuri reattori a fusione (IFMIF/EVEDA), e l’implementazione di risorse di calcolo ad alte prestazioni a sostegno della ricerca sulla fusione, nonché di una sala operativa remota per ITER.
Energia a fusione: una soluzione sostenibile e sicura La generazione di energia a fusione non produce anidride carbonica, rendendola una tecnologia fondamentale nel percorso verso le emissioni nette zero. La reazione di fusione è intrinsecamente sicura: si ferma quando l’alimentazione del combustibile o la fonte di energia viene interrotta. Non genera rifiuti radioattivi di lunga durata ad alto livello. Grazie a queste caratteristiche, la fusione si qualifica come una delle fonti energetiche di prossima generazione che affronta simultaneamente le sfide dell’approvvigionamento energetico e dell’ambiente.
L’inaugurazione del JT-60SA non è solo un momento di orgoglio per l’UE e il Giappone, ma anche un passo cruciale verso un futuro energetico più pulito e sostenibile. Questa collaborazione internazionale pone le basi per un progresso significativo nel campo dell’energia a fusione, aprendo la strada a una fonte di energia pulita e abbondante per le generazioni future.
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